Emotional problems, such as forgetfulness and inability to concentrate, worrying, irritability, depression, are definitely associated with significant decrease in estrogen level in the woman’s organism. Estrogens stimulate informative activity, adaptation to different conditions, in other words, interest to a life. And only you can decide your preferences: to take all available measures to prolong your youth or leave this process. It is evident that the positive relation to these changes in your organism is very important. An optimum method to get rid of your worrying is to understand the matter of physiological changes in you. Try to learn about all possible symptoms of menopause and all other questions worrying you.

Urogenital symptoms are appeared in the bladder tissues, urethra, and genital muscles. Estrogens support sufficient blood flow into these organs, and are responsible for their normal function. Deficiency of estrogen leads to atrophy changes in tissues, and consequently, to the problems with urination, position and function of genitals.

Change of skin and hair state is caused by the same reason: decrease in estrogen level. It is not a secret that women at this age have the dry skin: after menopause collagen, the structural basis of the tissues providing the skin with elasticity, is exposed to age changes.

Diseases of heart and vessels are the most common diseases among both men, and women. However, it is interesting that a number of women under age of menopause suffering from cardiovascular diseases is lower than men. With coming menopause, decrease in estrogen level is experienced and this ratio is equal. It is evident that estrogens are characterized by the prevention of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease development.

A woman above 45-50 years goes into an autumn of her life. Problems with health appearing at this stage of the life are described by a known word: menopause. The most of women believe that menopause symptoms are the same for every woman. However, it is actually not like this. Every woman tolerates menopause in her own way. The main and most frequent symptoms of menopause are hot flushes, night hyperhidrosis, sleeplessness, palpitation, irritability, and depression, overfatigue, memory impairment, and changed sexual desire. These symptoms are experienced by 9 of 10 women. Other problems include urinary incontinence, heartache, and back pain, and women, as a rule, do not associate these symptoms with ovaries failure and estrogen deficiency as they are observed later in several years after the termination of menstruation.

It should be noted that all symptoms of these problems are caused by decrease in estrogen level.

Early symptoms are generally apparent and associated with coming menopause:

- hot flushes and hyperhidrosis
- headaches
- high arterial pressure
- palpitation
- irritability and anxiety
- depression
- forgetfulness and inattention
- change in sexual drive
- sleepiness
- decrease in work capacity
The most evident symptom of coming menopause is various menstrual cycle disorders, such as lengthening or shortening of interval between menstruations, or uterine bleedings, making the women seek medical assistance. However, about 5 % of women experience menstruation termination without any symptoms.

Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flushes, dizziness, palpitation or hyperhidrosis are experienced by over half of women during this period. Feelings can be different in different women, quite often they may vary in the same woman. Hot flushes are observed as waves of heat accompanied by blush and rise in body temperature. If hot flushes are experienced in the night, interrupted sleep makes a woman feel tired.

The period when the ovaries failure process is observed, menstruation stops, and the body experiences other stage, is named menopause. Conditionally, this period can be divided into the following stages: transition to menopause: premenopause, menopause, perimenopause, and postmenopause. To avoid any confusion, let’s specify these terms.

Premenopause

Premenopause is the period from the first menstruation to their termination. Duration of this period is several years, typically – 30-35 years. The menopause can be defined only when absent menstruation is observed for one year at least. Menopause is considered to be a kind of boundary between premenopause and postmenopause. The age of menopause depends on a number of follicles in the ovaries. Typically, women experience menopause between 50 and 55 years of age.

Perimenopause

Perimenopause includes the period from the beginning of menstrual cycle disorder, menopause and 2 years after the last menstruation. During this period the health state is significantly changed, due to change in hormonal parameters. The most of women feel decrease in work capacity, mood swing, and hot flushes. Menstruations are getting irregular and stop. However, sometimes a regular menstruation cycle is observed after a long absence.

Postmenopause

Postmenopause is the long period of the woman’s life from the termination of menstruation. However, the situations when the age of menopause significantly differs from an average are experienced very often. Early menopause means the termination of menstruation at age under 45 years that is caused by the hereditary factors or by certain health problems.

Late menopause is continuing menstruation at age above 55 years, it can be either a normal state, or a disease symptom. To examine this state, you have to consult the doctor is.

Activity of female reproductive system is controlled by sex glands: ovaries produced the female sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone. Influence of sex hormones is evident in the development of so-called secondary sexual character: constitution, breast, typical female hair pattern.

Hypothalamus and a hypophysis in the central nervous system of the brain serve as the centre regulating ovaries function. Ovaries are the main source of sex hormones in the woman’s body. Anatomically, in ovaries two layers can be defined: external with the follicles, and internal. Follicles contain ovocyte. A quantity of female sex cells starting from the teenage age of the girl is gradually decreased. Maturing of ovocyte is accompanied by significant growth of the sex hormones produced mainly in the active follicle. Such changes characterizing the process of preparation for pregnancy can be observed monthly. If the pregnancy does not happen, the menstruation starts, meaning the beginning of a new monthly cycle.

Every menstrual cycle begins from the development of 20-50 follicles containing ovocyte in the ovary. The largest, or dominant follicle can be defined among growing follicles by 8-9th day from the beginning of menstruation. A dominant follicle continues growing and thus depresses other follicles development. The ovocyte grows in a dominant follicle. In a growing follicle, estrogens, female sex hormones, such as estradiol (most active), estrone and estriol are produced. This stage of the cycle is called as follicular. Estradiol content is quickly increased at this stage, reaching the maximum a day before ovulation. In the middle of the menstrual cycle, the dominant follicle releases an ovocyte, this process is called ovulation.

Ovulation causes passing to the following stage of the menstrual cycle, lutein, or the yellow body phase. The yellow body produces other female sex hormone, progesterone.

The yellow body life is 12-14 days and if pregnancy does not happen, by the end of lutein stage, the yellow body stops to function.

Hormones of ovaries (estrogen and progesterone), penetrating into blood, affect the whole organism, providing correct development of genitals, increase in breast, female constitution, voice timbre, and other things.

When the most of follicles is spent, a woman loses ability to conception and menstruation stops. Accordingly, the cyclic fluctuations of sex hormones are stopped and, consequently, level is decreased.

A woman has been menstruating for 30-35 years during her life. The last menstruation, as a rule, is observed at 50-52 years of age. However, this stage may be experienced at 45 or even 35 years of age.

Hormones are chemical agents, transmitters among different tissues of our organism. Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands. For example, sex hormones are produced mainly by ovaries and in insignificant quantity by adrenal glands. Hormones penetrate in the blood and make a targeted organ start its function activity or stop its work. The blood contains a large quantity of various biologically active agents at the same time, however, different hormones find their targeted organs. How it is going on?

There is a unique mode of action for all hormones, allowing them to know the targeted organs: hormones communicate with the specific albuminous molecules in the tissues, then penetrate into cells, and that means the process is started. It is interesting that each hormone has own specific protein-receptor.

So, this system works on the lock-and-key principle where the hormones are keys, and the receptors are locks. It is evident that if any hormones are not produced in an organism, corresponding «locks» could not be opened anymore and activity of this hormone-dependable organ will be decreased. For example, the estrogen receptors (female sex hormones) are situated practically in all tissues and organs, including the skin and the brain, thence, when sufficient quantity of estrogens is not synthesized not only genitals organs are changed, but other bodies. Ovaries are responsible for normal function of the female reproductive system.

However, ovaries activity is subordinated to the influence of hypophysis hormones, follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormones. The coordinated work of hypophysis and ovaries is fulfilled on the principle of negative feedback, that means the low sex hormones level leads to making ovaries to produce more hypophyseal hormones (follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones level is increased). Consequently, the sufficient estrogen level is accompanied by decrease in follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones.

As we have already known that ovarian failure leads to deficiency of estrogens, we can assume that in menopause level of these hypophyseal hormones will be significantly increased. This fact for the doctors is important since it allows to find out that menstruation stops because of lack of follicles indicating at menopause, or certain diseases. We stop our explanation at this point because we do not study diseases here.

Coming menopause period is a qualitatively new stage of every woman’s life. The slow decrease in ovaries function is experienced after 35 years of age, a number of anovulatory cycles is increased, but till about 45 years of age all these changes remain invisible for women. The further decrease in level of female sex hormones produced by the ovaries leads to abnormal menstrual cycle, changing in duration. Delays of menstruation are getting more often and at last, they stop, and this means menopause.

Besides an evident affecting menstrual function, sex hormones affect practically all other tissues. Deficiency of the sex hormones produced by the ovaries leads to appearance of typical symptoms. Nine of ten women during this period observe changes in health state. It is not only hot flushes known to most of people. Typical symptoms of the menopause period are psychological discomfort, irritability, sleep disorders, changed sexual inclination, autonomic neuropathy symptoms: night hyperhidrosis, palpitation, high arterial pressure; changes, typical for atrophic processes: skin flabbiness, dry vagina, urinary incontinence, and fat tissues redistribution. Many women feel confused by coming changes.

At the first sight, the following late symptoms of menopause, such as coronary disease, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes of the central nervous system, are not so evident effect of deficiency of hormones, and observed in 10-15 years. So, to find out the reason of variety and diversity of menopause symptoms, we have to learn about endocrine system and hormones and reproductive system function.

After 45-50 years of age, you can feel certain natural changes of health state: from well-known vasomotor disorders to essentially affecting the life quality and potential reasons of serious health problems (cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis). At the same time, women of mature age have got their life experience and they have reached their career top, however, worsening of health state make them avoid any communication and even leave their job position. With estimation of their healthy life way and their care of own health which are the base of good health state in senior age, it should be noted that a good advice in the period of adaptation to a new stage of life is necessary for any woman. And if in the XIX century there was no reason to discuss this problem, because an average woman’s life did not exceed forty years, nowadays success of modern medicine put new tasks.

Having reached a long life expectancy, we have to think of improvement of the life quality. So, it is absolutely clear that for a qualitative life the good health state is required and it is not ideal; it is a real aim.

Coming menopause is a natural stage of every woman’s life, however, expected changes is accompanied by emotional discomfort. Traditionally, the European women expect menopause worrying a little, considering this period as the beginning of getting older and loss of attractiveness. Absolutely in different way the termination of menstruation and end of childbearing age are considered among the Asian women: cared and respected, an Asian woman goes to higher status in her family at this period of time. The following evident fact should be noted: we tend to be afraid of unknown. However, knowing and explanation of the reasons of changes give women self-confident and emotional comfort allowing to pass this stage of life without any psychological discomfort.

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